
【思想的光芒】材料一 老子,中國(guó)古代偉大的思想家,春秋時(shí)期楚國(guó)人。他曾做過(guò)周朝管理藏書(shū)的史官,孔子曾向他問(wèn)禮,感嘆他學(xué)問(wèn)的高深。年老時(shí),留下了五千言的名著。這部著作流傳甚廣。據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織統(tǒng)計(jì),它是世界上被譯成外國(guó)文字最多的著作之一??鬃?,中國(guó)古代偉大的思想家和教育家,春秋時(shí)期魯國(guó)人。弟子三千,其言行被編成《論語(yǔ)》一書(shū)。他為我國(guó)文化教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻(xiàn),被后世尊稱(chēng)為“萬(wàn)世師表”。孔子的思想在中國(guó)和世界思想史上享有重要地位。(1)材料所述老子的“名著”是什么?(1分)作為“萬(wàn)世師表”的孔子,其思想的核心是什么?(1分)戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)在思想文化領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)了“百家爭(zhēng)鳴”的局面,請(qǐng)列舉其中一個(gè)學(xué)派及其代表人物。(1分)【盛世的魅力】材料二 唐代我國(guó)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展繁榮。當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,士人讀書(shū)風(fēng)氣盛行,教育事業(yè)也因此發(fā)展,文學(xué)藝術(shù)繁榮。中外交往出現(xiàn)了盛況空前的局面。日本、大食、天竺等國(guó)紛紛遣使到唐朝……日本先后13次派出遣唐使,使團(tuán)龐大,居各國(guó)之首。(2)當(dāng)時(shí)“士人讀書(shū)風(fēng)氣盛行”的原因是什么?(1分)各國(guó)“紛紛遣使到唐朝”的目的是什么?(1分)日本仿效唐朝進(jìn)行了什么改革?(1分)

材料二 從公元 476 年西羅馬帝國(guó)滅亡到 14~16世紀(jì)文藝復(fù)興之前, 歐洲是政教合一的封建時(shí)代,宗教裁判所可以?xún)H僅因?yàn)椴剪斨Z信奉哥白尼的日心說(shuō)這樣一個(gè)科學(xué)學(xué)說(shuō),而把他視為異端判處死刑,燒死在羅馬鮮花廣場(chǎng)上。因此,歐洲中世紀(jì)的科技經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步都受到了極大的阻礙,史稱(chēng)“黑暗的中世紀(jì)”。而這一千年,中國(guó)國(guó)家長(zhǎng)期統(tǒng)一,經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)發(fā)展,中華封建文明在大踏步前進(jìn)……以四大發(fā)明為標(biāo)志的傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)更為世人所稱(chēng)道……只是到了近代才落后于西方?!幾酝跤迳秱鹘y(tǒng)文化與中國(guó)科技發(fā)展》(1)根據(jù)材料一并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí),指出中國(guó)古代科技在世界科技史上的地位變化情況。(4分)(2)根據(jù)材料二并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí),概述公元401~1500年中國(guó)古代科技發(fā)展的主要原因。(6分)(3)右圖是某校初三·三班呂亞楠同學(xué)制作的中國(guó)“古代四大發(fā)明”手抄報(bào)照片, 其中“四大發(fā)明是什么”的答案有點(diǎn)模糊不清,請(qǐng)你補(bǔ)充完成。( 4 分)

25.仔細(xì)閱讀以下關(guān)于“冷戰(zhàn)”的一段表述,找出其中的五處錯(cuò)誤,并予以改正。1947年3月,美國(guó)當(dāng)任總統(tǒng)在國(guó)會(huì)發(fā)表咨文,宣稱(chēng):“美國(guó)的政策必須是支持自由國(guó)家人民抵抗少數(shù)武裝分子,或外來(lái)壓力的征服企圖。”這種政策后來(lái)被稱(chēng)為“羅斯福新政”。它的提出標(biāo)志著戰(zhàn)后美蘇“冷戰(zhàn)”的開(kāi)始。1948年,美國(guó)在歐洲實(shí)施“星球大戰(zhàn)”計(jì)劃。它穩(wěn)定了歐洲的資本主義制度,加強(qiáng)了美國(guó)對(duì)東歐的控制。1949年,美國(guó)等西方12個(gè)國(guó)家建立了國(guó)際聯(lián)盟。1955年,蘇聯(lián)為首的8個(gè)社會(huì)主義國(guó)家成立了華沙條約組織。兩大軍事政治集團(tuán)的先后建立,標(biāo)志著資本主義和社會(huì)主義兩大陣營(yíng)對(duì)峙局面的形成。1989年蘇聯(lián)解體后,華沙條約組織宣告解散,兩極格局終結(jié)。

【源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)】材料一:戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期,社會(huì)急劇變化,各學(xué)派紛紛著書(shū)立說(shuō),發(fā)表意見(jiàn),互相辯論,形成了學(xué)術(shù)繁榮的局面?!缆磿?shū)社《中國(guó)歷史》七年級(jí)上冊(cè)【博大精深】 材料二 第三單元 古代中國(guó)的科學(xué)技術(shù)與文學(xué)藝術(shù) 34 第8課 古代中國(guó)的發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn) 36 第9課 輝煌燦爛的文學(xué) 42 第10課 充滿魅力的書(shū)畫(huà)和戲曲藝術(shù) 46——《高中歷史(必修三)》

材料一:戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期,社會(huì)急劇變化,各學(xué)派紛紛著書(shū)立說(shuō),發(fā)表意見(jiàn),互相辯論,形成了學(xué)術(shù)繁榮的局面?!缆磿?shū)社《中國(guó)歷史》七年級(jí)上冊(cè)【博大精深】材料二 第三單元 古代中國(guó)的科學(xué)技術(shù)與文學(xué)藝術(shù) 34 第8課 古代中國(guó)的發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn) 36 第9課 輝煌燦爛的文學(xué) 42 第10課 充滿魅力的書(shū)畫(huà)和戲曲藝術(shù) 46——《高中歷史(必修三)》

①馬鈴薯是菜還是糧?在1月6日舉辦的馬鈴薯主糧化發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研討會(huì)上,豐富多彩的馬鈴薯主食制品令人大開(kāi)眼界。馬鈴薯全粉占比40%的饅頭、面包、馬鈴薯芝士蛋糕等,都顛覆著人們對(duì)馬鈴薯的認(rèn)知。②農(nóng)業(yè)部副部長(zhǎng)在會(huì)上表示,要以科技創(chuàng)新引領(lǐng)馬鈴薯主糧化發(fā)展,推動(dòng)形成馬鈴薯與谷物協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的新格局。據(jù)介紹,馬鈴薯有望成為稻米、小麥、玉米之外的第四大主糧作物。它的種植面積將逐步擴(kuò)大到1.5億畝,年產(chǎn)鮮薯增加2億噸,折合糧食約為5000萬(wàn)噸。

讀書(shū)不能死章句,需要思考一個(gè)“活”字。李白在《嘲魯儒》中說(shuō):“魯叟談五經(jīng),白發(fā)死章句。問(wèn)以經(jīng)濟(jì)策,茫如墜煙霧?!痹?shī)人對(duì)那些夸夸其談而沒(méi)有真才實(shí)學(xué)的“魯叟”進(jìn)行了辛辣的嘲諷。這些人談起五經(jīng)頭頭是道,問(wèn)起經(jīng)世濟(jì)民之策卻茫然無(wú)知。他們拿腔拿調(diào),架子十足,卻死于章句,不知時(shí)變。陸游《冬夜讀書(shū)示子聿》中的觀點(diǎn),則更加值得那些“魯叟”們深思。他說(shuō)“紙上得來(lái)終覺(jué)淺,絕知此事要躬行”,言詞樸素,滿含哲理,詩(shī)中提出的理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合的觀點(diǎn),至今猶有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。只有在實(shí)踐中才能得真知、悟真諦,真正學(xué)有所獲,學(xué)有所用。

YangHongwei, 56, was born into a kite-making family in Weifang. When she was young,she often saw kites with bright colors and different shapes in hergrandfather’s workshop.

In the large yard stood thirteen trees ofdifferent sizes. One day, while Joey was playing with his sister under thetrees, he noticed that a tree trunk (樹(shù)干) had a sad look. He raninto the house to tell his mom about it. She told Joey to find the reason whyit was sad.

Long ago, a poor old couple lived on the coast.One day, an old storyteller came to their village. The old couple gave him ameal. In return, he gave them a coffee mill (磨粉機(jī))and said, “Say, ‘Mill, please grind (磨粉)’,”

As a boy, Kevin visited national parks and helearned the Earth is in ___12___ condition. He felt worried, and hewanted to ___13___ the Earth. In 2009, he went to swim in water nearNorth Pole(北極)todraw people’s attention to the melting glaciers(融化的冰川).

Thinking that her dream could never come true,Kelly was in low spirits and ____18____ her studies at school. Hermother did all she could to cheer her up, ____19____ Kelly refused tochange. She even took out all her anger and ____20____ on her mother.

During 1907-1909, British explorer EarnestShackleton explored Antarctica on foot. In 1911, two explorers—a British mannamed Scott and a Norwegian named Amundsen—raced 1, 400 kilometres to the SouthPole (南極).Amundsen arrived first.

Taiping nijiaojiao is made of the mudfrom the local mountain. It takes more than ten steps to make the clay toy, andthe key step is to knead (捏) it with your hands. You can knead the clay toyinto anything, like animals and plants. The blowhole is the most difficult partto make, for the size of the blowhole makes a difference to the sound. Whilecoloring, you can use traditional cultural elements (元素) thatcarry good meanings. It’s hard to make taipingnijiaojiao. But when you finally make it, you will feel proud of yourself.

When itcomes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. Alife filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, whatmakes a meaningful life?Manyresearchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): havinglong-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s lifefits together and “makes sense”.But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimeslife enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open toappreciating (欣賞) suchexperiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We callthis experiential appreciation (EA).

The December day started like any other. Papacame back with his boat full of fish. Mama made breakfast for the family.Seven-year-old Joonas was doing his homework, while his two little brothers ranaround the yard.

My earliest memory ofthese events began when I was around four years old. I was filled with ___12___ at that time. There were lots of ___13___ — crying, shouting, and doors slamming (砰地關(guān)上).

Dealing with a nosebleed(鼻出血)mightseem simple. But recently, the British RED Cross asked parents with youngchildren how to help a child with a nosebleed. About 65 percent of parents didnot ____11____ the correct action to help.

My arms were shaking and my heart was beating ____19____when I stood at the starting line. ____20____ the endless runway (跑道), I felt like a boatfighting against the wind and rain.

Once, herfather took her to the kitchen. He asked Jane to take a potato, an egg ____11____two spoons of tea leaves. Jane was ____12____, and asked her father, “Doyou want me to cook?”
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