
材料二經(jīng)過(guò)春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期的諸侯爭(zhēng)霸,到秦朝統(tǒng)一多民族國(guó)家的形成,以皇權(quán)為中心的中央集權(quán)制度建立起來(lái).歷經(jīng)漢魏至明清,皇帝與宰相之間的權(quán)勢(shì)此消彼長(zhǎng),中央與地方爭(zhēng)權(quán)斗爭(zhēng)接連不斷,最終皇權(quán)不斷強(qiáng)化,中央集權(quán)逐漸得到鞏固.中央集權(quán)制度作為古代中國(guó)政治制度的突出特色,對(duì)中國(guó)歷史產(chǎn)生了深淵影響.中國(guó)統(tǒng)一多民族國(guó)家的形成與發(fā)展,官僚政治與行政管理以至文化教育傳統(tǒng),無(wú)不與此有著密切的關(guān)系.﹣﹣摘編自人教版歷史必修①(1)材料一中的示意圖一、二分別反映了我國(guó)古代哪個(gè)朝代的專制主義中央集權(quán)制度?(2)根據(jù)材料二并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí),指出我國(guó)古代專制主義中央集權(quán)制度的發(fā)展趨勢(shì).(3)下列是王明同學(xué)正在制作額“我國(guó)古代專制主義中央集權(quán)制度的評(píng)價(jià)”表格,請(qǐng)不補(bǔ)充表格中的部分論據(jù).并指出王明同學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)我國(guó)古代專制主義中央集權(quán)制度的方法.

材料一:封侯非我意,但愿海波平材料二:《清時(shí)期全圖》(圖1)材料三:從一定意義上說(shuō),一部中國(guó)近代史就是一部列強(qiáng)侵略中國(guó)的歷史,更是一部列強(qiáng)從海上侵略中國(guó)并頻頻得手的歷史.﹣《海權(quán)與近代史中國(guó)的歷史命運(yùn)》材料四:《中國(guó)第一艘航空母艦?遼寧艦》(圖2)(1)材料一中,寫下一豪邁詩(shī)句,并取得“海波平”最后勝利的民族英雄是?(2)根據(jù)材料二,為鞏固海防,1684年清朝在圖中A處設(shè)立的管理機(jī)構(gòu)是什么?B處信息顯示,清朝前期疆域的最南端包括了哪里?(3)材料三反映了中國(guó)近代有海無(wú)防.1840年,英國(guó)第一次從“海上侵略中國(guó)”并“得手”的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是什么?為了捍衛(wèi)中國(guó)的海上主權(quán),在黃海戰(zhàn)役中壯烈殉國(guó)的致遠(yuǎn)艦管帶是誰(shuí)?(4)新中國(guó)第一支海軍部隊(duì)成立于何時(shí)?綜合材料三、四,中國(guó)海防力量從無(wú)到有,由弱到強(qiáng)的根本原因是什么?

21.“封侯非我意,但愿海波平”是明朝抗倭英雄戚繼光的豪邁詩(shī)句。22.三大戰(zhàn)役中,解放華北全境的戰(zhàn)役是遼沈戰(zhàn)役。23. 1997年7月1日,香港順利回歸祖國(guó)。24.日本的大化改新,標(biāo)志著日本從奴隸社會(huì)開(kāi)始向封建社會(huì)過(guò)渡。25.殖民擴(kuò)張和掠奪是英國(guó)最早成為資本主義工業(yè)強(qiáng)國(guó)的重要條件之一。26.1861年,沙俄政府在廢除農(nóng)奴制的法令中規(guī)定,農(nóng)奴在獲得“解放”時(shí),可以無(wú)償?shù)玫揭粔K土地。27.薩拉熱窩事件是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的導(dǎo)火線。28. 1942年1月,美、英、蘇、中等26個(gè)國(guó)家在華盛頓簽署了《聯(lián)合國(guó)家宣言》,標(biāo)志著世界反法西斯同盟正式建立。29.湘南起義的主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人是朱德、陳毅。30.湖南的地方劇種豐富多彩,有湘劇、花鼓戲、祁劇、豫劇等。

【北魏改革】材料一 孝文帝日:“今欲斷北語(yǔ),一從正音。其年三十以上,習(xí)性已久,容或不可卒革。三十以下,見(jiàn)在朝廷之人,語(yǔ)音不聽(tīng)仍舊,若有故為,當(dāng)加降黜,各宜深戒。”——引自《資治通鑒》(1)北魏是我國(guó)古代北方少數(shù)民族鮮卑族建立的北朝政權(quán),它在孝文帝改革時(shí)對(duì)鮮卑等少數(shù)民族實(shí)行漢化政策。材料一體現(xiàn)了漢化政策的哪一方面?漢化政策產(chǎn)生了怎樣的影響?(4分)【唐皇長(zhǎng)策】材料二 自古皆貴中華,賤夷狄,朕獨(dú)愛(ài)之如一,故其種落皆依朕如父母。——唐太宗(2)材料二體現(xiàn)了唐朝政府對(duì)于民族關(guān)系怎樣的態(tài)度或政策?試舉唐與吐蕃交往的一例予以說(shuō)明。(4分)

①馬鈴薯是菜還是糧?在1月6日舉辦的馬鈴薯主糧化發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研討會(huì)上,豐富多彩的馬鈴薯主食制品令人大開(kāi)眼界。馬鈴薯全粉占比40%的饅頭、面包、馬鈴薯芝士蛋糕等,都顛覆著人們對(duì)馬鈴薯的認(rèn)知。②農(nóng)業(yè)部副部長(zhǎng)在會(huì)上表示,要以科技創(chuàng)新引領(lǐng)馬鈴薯主糧化發(fā)展,推動(dòng)形成馬鈴薯與谷物協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的新格局。據(jù)介紹,馬鈴薯有望成為稻米、小麥、玉米之外的第四大主糧作物。它的種植面積將逐步擴(kuò)大到1.5億畝,年產(chǎn)鮮薯增加2億噸,折合糧食約為5000萬(wàn)噸。

讀書(shū)不能死章句,需要思考一個(gè)“活”字。李白在《嘲魯儒》中說(shuō):“魯叟談五經(jīng),白發(fā)死章句。問(wèn)以經(jīng)濟(jì)策,茫如墜煙霧?!痹?shī)人對(duì)那些夸夸其談而沒(méi)有真才實(shí)學(xué)的“魯叟”進(jìn)行了辛辣的嘲諷。這些人談起五經(jīng)頭頭是道,問(wèn)起經(jīng)世濟(jì)民之策卻茫然無(wú)知。他們拿腔拿調(diào),架子十足,卻死于章句,不知時(shí)變。陸游《冬夜讀書(shū)示子聿》中的觀點(diǎn),則更加值得那些“魯叟”們深思。他說(shuō)“紙上得來(lái)終覺(jué)淺,絕知此事要躬行”,言詞樸素,滿含哲理,詩(shī)中提出的理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合的觀點(diǎn),至今猶有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。只有在實(shí)踐中才能得真知、悟真諦,真正學(xué)有所獲,學(xué)有所用。

材料 當(dāng)代國(guó)學(xué)大師南懷瑾說(shuō):中國(guó)文化歷史,在秦漢以前,主要是儒、墨、道三家,籠罩了全部的文化思想。到唐宋以后,換了一家,成為儒釋道三家,這三家又籠罩著中國(guó)文化思想。佛學(xué)像百貨店,有錢有閑,可去逛逛,逛了買東西也可,根本不逛也可,但社會(huì)需要它;道家像藥店,它包括了兵家、縱橫家的思想,乃至天文、地理、醫(yī)藥,一個(gè)國(guó)家、民族生病,非去這個(gè)藥店不可;儒家的孔孟思想像糧店,是天天要吃的,要深切了解中國(guó)文化歷史的演變、將來(lái)怎么辦,就要研究四書(shū)。

YangHongwei, 56, was born into a kite-making family in Weifang. When she was young,she often saw kites with bright colors and different shapes in hergrandfather’s workshop.

In the large yard stood thirteen trees ofdifferent sizes. One day, while Joey was playing with his sister under thetrees, he noticed that a tree trunk (樹(shù)干) had a sad look. He raninto the house to tell his mom about it. She told Joey to find the reason whyit was sad.

As a boy, Kevin visited national parks and helearned the Earth is in ___12___ condition. He felt worried, and hewanted to ___13___ the Earth. In 2009, he went to swim in water nearNorth Pole(北極)todraw people’s attention to the melting glaciers(融化的冰川).

Long ago, a poor old couple lived on the coast.One day, an old storyteller came to their village. The old couple gave him ameal. In return, he gave them a coffee mill (磨粉機(jī))and said, “Say, ‘Mill, please grind (磨粉)’,”

Thinking that her dream could never come true,Kelly was in low spirits and ____18____ her studies at school. Hermother did all she could to cheer her up, ____19____ Kelly refused tochange. She even took out all her anger and ____20____ on her mother.

During 1907-1909, British explorer EarnestShackleton explored Antarctica on foot. In 1911, two explorers—a British mannamed Scott and a Norwegian named Amundsen—raced 1, 400 kilometres to the SouthPole (南極).Amundsen arrived first.

Taiping nijiaojiao is made of the mudfrom the local mountain. It takes more than ten steps to make the clay toy, andthe key step is to knead (捏) it with your hands. You can knead the clay toyinto anything, like animals and plants. The blowhole is the most difficult partto make, for the size of the blowhole makes a difference to the sound. Whilecoloring, you can use traditional cultural elements (元素) thatcarry good meanings. It’s hard to make taipingnijiaojiao. But when you finally make it, you will feel proud of yourself.

When itcomes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. Alife filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, whatmakes a meaningful life?Manyresearchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): havinglong-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s lifefits together and “makes sense”.But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimeslife enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open toappreciating (欣賞) suchexperiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We callthis experiential appreciation (EA).

Dealing with a nosebleed(鼻出血)mightseem simple. But recently, the British RED Cross asked parents with youngchildren how to help a child with a nosebleed. About 65 percent of parents didnot ____11____ the correct action to help.

My arms were shaking and my heart was beating ____19____when I stood at the starting line. ____20____ the endless runway (跑道), I felt like a boatfighting against the wind and rain.

The December day started like any other. Papacame back with his boat full of fish. Mama made breakfast for the family.Seven-year-old Joonas was doing his homework, while his two little brothers ranaround the yard.

My earliest memory ofthese events began when I was around four years old. I was filled with ___12___ at that time. There were lots of ___13___ — crying, shouting, and doors slamming (砰地關(guān)上).

Once, herfather took her to the kitchen. He asked Jane to take a potato, an egg ____11____two spoons of tea leaves. Jane was ____12____, and asked her father, “Doyou want me to cook?”
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