
1. Get basic information about Eric; read deeply to understand the history and development of the virtual choir.2. Understand what the function of the virtual choir is and how to make a virtual choir.3. Understand the meaning of some languages in the context of the text through question guidance, such as “Many people do not have close friends or contacts who have the same interest in music.” and so on.Step 1 Leading-in1. Answer the following questions.Q1:Do you know the Apps like Tik Tok and Quick Hand?Q2: Do you want to make a Tik Tok video or a Quick Hand video?2. Play a Tik Tok video Step 2: Understanding the title Q1:What does the title mean ?Q2: Is the article a narration or exposition? Why? Q3: Can you change the title ? If you can, what is the title?Step 3: Scanning the whole text and getting the basic information1. Answer the following questions.Q1:Who came up with the idea for a virtual choir?Q2: Where did Eric studied the musical composition?Q3: What is his song?2. Find the main idea of each paragraph3. Deal with some new words.Step 4: Reading carefully to get detailed informationPara 1 How to make a virtual choir1. PreparationA. tools: a virtual camera; an Internet connectionB. hero/heroin: friends or some individuals who have the same interests2. Process

The Internet celebrity Gao Yifeng. Years ago, he owned 5 companies and the staffs over 1,000, but during the economy crisis, he became nothing but debt. He was so worried that his hair became white overnight. There was a time when he wanted to killed himself. But after listening to the song Start Over by Liu Huan, he decided to cheer himself up. He started a steamed bun shop and gradually became a national chain shops. Now he became successful again.Walter Haddon said, “Music is the medicine of a troubled mind.” Music contains such a pleasant and inspiring force. Music gave him courage and bravery. When he listened to the song, it made his spirit fly like a kite in the wind. Music gave him strength and brought him relief. It was the rock I leant on to become strong and to get through those hard times. I hope none of us have to go through the same kind of suffering that he did. At the same time, we all go through various periods when we feel sad or alone. During those times, music can help us in the same way that it helped him. I hope we all will somehow begin to treasure music and make it a part of our life. Thank you for your listening !5.Revise your writing each other.Does he/she explain how music has changed his/her/someone else’s life?Are some of the rhetorical devices included and used properly ?Does he/she talk about how music makes him/her/someone feel?Is the first word in each sentences capitalised?Does he/she use correct punctuation ?

1. Ss look at the picture and scan the passage to understand the main idea while teacher is giving the following questions to inspire Ss to think.*Where are those people?*What are they doing?*Why are they so excited?2. Ss complete the passage with the appropriate -ing form. Then discuss and check the answers with class.Answers: boring, interesting, taking, exciting, amazing3. The teacher raises questions for the students to discuss and encourages them to express their opinions.*Do you like La Tomatina? Why or why not?4. Each group representative reports the discussion result, the teacher gives feedback and the evaluation.Step 6 PracticeActivity 41. Ss complete the Ex 2 in Using structures.2. Check the answers after finishing the exercises.①The dragon boat races are the most exciting part of the Dragon Boat Festival.② The children were excited to go Easter egg hunting.③What an amazing performance! This is the best music festival I have ever been to.④We were amazed by her funny-looking hat.⑤His inspiring speech at the conference won the admiration/ favour of the audience.⑥This is a challenging game to test your memory and observation capabilities. 3. T asks Ss to finish Ex 3 and 4 in Using structures by themselves, then check the answers with class.Step 6 Homework1. Understand and master the functions and usage of the -ing form;2. Finish the other exercises in Using structures.1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否理解和掌握動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語和表語的功能和意義;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否在理解文段內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)上下文語境和表達(dá)邏輯,能正確運(yùn)用動(dòng)詞-ing形式描述節(jié)日慶典。3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否歸納和積累用于表達(dá)情緒的相關(guān)詞匯。

Activity 41. Students complete the task of activity 4, then teachers and students check the answers. 2. The teacher organized the students to work together and asked them to use the tables and mind maps sorted out before to retold the important choices in Lin Qiaozhi's life and their resultsStep 5 Language points1. The teacher asks the students to read the text carefully, find out the core words and long and difficult sentences in the text and draw lines, understand the use of vocabulary, and analyze the structure of long and difficult sentences. 2. The teacher explains and summarizes the usage of core vocabulary and asks the students to take notes. 3. The teacher analyzes and explains the long and difficult sentences that the students don't understand, so that the students can understand them better. Step 6 Homework1. Read the text again, in-depth understanding of the text; 2. Master the use of core vocabulary and understand the long and difficult sentences. 3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan. 1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否理解和掌握閱讀文本中的新詞匯的意義與用法;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否結(jié)合文本特點(diǎn)總結(jié)林巧稚的人生原則和人格品質(zhì)特征;3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否針對人生抉擇發(fā)表自己的看法;能否全面地、客觀地、理性地看待問題,進(jìn)而對道德和人性有更加深入的思考和理解。

*wide range of origins(= a great number of different origins, many kinds of origins)*It featured a parade and a great feast with music, dancing, and sports. (=A parade and a great feast with music, dancing, and sports were included as important parts of the Egyptian harvest festival.)*.. some traditions may fade away and others may be established.(= Some traditions may disappear gradually, while other new traditions may come into being.)Step 6 Practice(1) Listen and follow the tape.The teacher may remind the students to pay attention to the meaning and usage of the black words in the context, so as to prepare for the completion of the blanks in activity 5 and vocabulary exercises in the exercise book.(2) Students complete the text of activity 5 by themselves.The teacher needs to remind the students to fill in the blanks with the correct form of the vocabulary they have learned in the text.Students exchange their answers with their partners, and then teachers and students check their answers.(3)Finish the Ex in Activity 5 of students’ book.Step 7 Homework1. Read the text again, in-depth understanding of the text;2. Discuss the origin of festivals, the historical changes of related customs, the influence of commercial society on festivals and the connotation and essential meaning of festivals.3. Complete relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否理解和掌握閱讀文本中的新詞匯的意義與用法;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否結(jié)合文本特點(diǎn)快速而準(zhǔn)確地找到主題句;3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否理清論說文的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)和文本邏輯,了解節(jié)日風(fēng)俗發(fā)展與變遷,感悟節(jié)日的內(nèi)涵與意義。

The joke set her crying.這個(gè)玩笑使她哭起來。Step 5 ReadingActivity 31. Students read the small text in activity 3. The teacher provides several small questions to check whether students understand the content of the text and the ideographic function of the -ing form in the text.*Where are those people?*Why did Dr Bethune come to China?*How did he help the Chinese people during the war?*What did Chairman Mao Zedong say about him?2. Ss try to rewrite some sentences using the -ing form. Then check the answers. When checking the answers, the teacher can ask different students to read the rewritten sentences and give comments.Answers:1. he became very interested in medicine, deciding to become a doctor.2. …after hearing that many people were dying in the war.3. Helping to organise hospitals, he taught doctors and nurses, and showed people how to give first aid./ He helped to organise hospitals, teaching doctors and nurses, and showing people how to give first aid.4. …praising Dr Bethune as a hero to be remembered in China.Step 6 PracticeActivity 4Students complete grammar activities 2 and 3 on page 69 of the workbook.Step 6 Homework1. Understand and master the functions and usage of the -ing form;2. Finish the other exercises in Using structures.1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否理解和掌握動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語語和狀語語的功能和意義;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否正確使用動(dòng)詞-ing形式描述人物的行為、動(dòng)作及其經(jīng)歷;3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否獨(dú)立完成練習(xí)冊和導(dǎo)學(xué)案中的相關(guān)練習(xí)。

3.Teachers ask different groups to report the answers to the questions and ask them to try different sentence patterns.The teacher added some sentence patterns for students to refer to when writing.Step 4 Writing taskActivity 51.Write the first draft.Students first review the evaluation criteria in activity 5, and then independently complete the draft according to the outline of activity 4, the answers to the questions listed in the group discussion and report, and the reference sentence pattern.2.Change partners.The teacher guides the students to evaluate their partner's composition according to the checklist of activity 5 and proposes Suggestions for modification.3.Finalize the draft.Based on the peer evaluation, students revise their own compositions and determine the final draft.Finally, through group recommendation, the teacher selects excellent compositions for projection display or reading aloud in class, and gives comments and Suggestions.Step 5 Showing writingActivity 5T call some Ss to share their writing.Step 6 Homework1. Read the passage in this section to better understand the passage.2. Carefully understand the hierarchical structure of the article, and deeply understand the plot of the story according to the causes, process and results;3. Independently complete the relevant exercises in the guide plan.1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否理解和掌握閱讀文本中的新詞匯的意義與用法;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否通過人物言行的對比分析道德故事的深層內(nèi)涵;3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否根據(jù)故事的起因、經(jīng)過和結(jié)果來深入理解故事的情節(jié),從而了解文章的層次結(jié)構(gòu);4、結(jié)合現(xiàn)實(shí)生活案例發(fā)表自己的見解和看法,寫一篇觀點(diǎn)明確、層次分明的故事評論。

The price is the same as(the price was)before the war.價(jià)格與戰(zhàn)前相同。(4)定語從句中的“關(guān)系代詞+助動(dòng)詞be”可以省略。The ticket(that/which was)booked by his sister has been sent to him.他妹妹訂的那張票已送到了他那里。Step 5 PracticeActivity 3(1) Guide students to complete the four activities in the Using Structures part of exercise book, in which activities 1 and 2 focus on ellipsis in dialogue answers, activity 3 focus on signs and headlines, two typical situations where ellipsis is used, and activity 4 focus on ellipsis in diary, an informal style.(2) Combine the examples in the above activities, ask students to summarize the omitted situations in groups, and make their own summary into a poster, and post it on the class wall after class to share with the class.(This step should give full play to the subjectivity of students, and teachers should encourage students to conclude different ellipsis phenomena according to their own understanding, they can conclude according to the different parts omitted in the sentence.)Step 6 Homework1. Understand and master the usages of ellipsis;2. Finish the other exercises in Using structures of Workbook.1、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生是否理解和掌握省略的用法;2、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否根據(jù)上下文語境或情景恢復(fù)句子中省略的成分,體會(huì)使用省略的效果;3、通過本節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生能否獨(dú)立完成練習(xí)冊和導(dǎo)學(xué)案中的相關(guān)練習(xí)。

該板塊的活動(dòng)主題是“介紹一個(gè)有顯著文化特征的地方”( Describe a place with distinctive cultural identity)。該板塊通過介紹中國城繼續(xù)聚焦中國文化。本單元主題圖呈現(xiàn)的是舊金山中國城的典型景象, Reading and Thinking部分也提到中國城,為該板塊作鋪墊。介紹中國城的目的主要是體現(xiàn)中國文化與美國多元文化的關(guān)系,它是美國多元文化的重要組成部分。中國城也是海外華人的精神家園和傳播中國文化的重要窗口,外國人在中國城能近距離體驗(yàn)中國文化。1. Read the text to understand the cultural characteristics of Chinatown in San Francisco and the relationship between Chinese culture and American multiculturalism;2. Through reading, learn to comb the main information of the article, understand the author's writing purpose and writing characteristics;3. Learn to give a comprehensive, accurate, and organized description of the city or town you live in;Learn to revise and evaluate your writing.Importance:1. Guide the students to read the introduction of Chinatown in San Francisco and grasp its writing characteristics;2. Guide students to introduce their city or town in a comprehensive, accurate and organized way;3. Learn to comb the main information of the article, understand the author's writing purpose, and master the core vocabulary.

【引入新課】同學(xué)們在河邊玩耍的時(shí)候不知注意到如圖中所展示的場面沒有?(注意到了)那么同學(xué)們知道圖中A、B、C它們的名稱分別是什么嗎?(不知道)它們的名稱簡單的講可以統(tǒng)稱為河流地貌。至于它們的具體名稱和形成原理就是我們今天要討論的問題。一、河流地貌【介紹】河流地貌是自然界中最常見的地貌之一。按照成因,可以將河流地貌分為侵蝕地貌和堆積地貌,它們的形成和發(fā)展主要與外力作用有關(guān)?!景鍟?、分類: 侵蝕地貌和堆積地貌【過渡】我們首先來看一下河流侵蝕地貌【板書】2、河流侵蝕地貌【介紹】河流在流動(dòng)過程 中,會(huì)破壞并掀起地表的物質(zhì),形成侵 蝕地貌。河流侵蝕地貌是由溯源侵蝕、下蝕和側(cè)蝕共同作用形成的?!疽龑?dǎo)讀書】請同學(xué)們快速閱讀教材P83倒數(shù) 第二段,添出以下表格。

4.海洋污染(1)閱讀書本P64,由學(xué)生歸納:(2)展示圖片資料:“威望號油輪泄漏事故”【討論】石油污染將對該海區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境造成怎樣的影響?【小結(jié)】本節(jié)課我們從四個(gè)方面了解了洋流對地 理環(huán)境和人類活動(dòng)的影響,重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)洋流對氣候和對漁場形成的影響。同學(xué)們聽說過“厄爾尼諾”現(xiàn)象嗎?“厄爾尼諾”現(xiàn)象會(huì)影 響秘魯漁場的漁獲量;也會(huì)對氣候產(chǎn)生影響,導(dǎo)致全球氣候異常?!禾骄俊吧衿娴亩驙柲嶂Z”現(xiàn)象』學(xué)習(xí)小組交流【小結(jié)】“厄爾尼諾”現(xiàn)象還有許多不解之謎,其中之一是形成原因,尚未能解釋清楚。有人認(rèn)為是南半球東南信風(fēng)減弱造成的,也有人認(rèn)為是大氣環(huán)流減弱造成的結(jié)果;且“厄爾 尼諾”現(xiàn)象發(fā)生有沒有自身的規(guī)律?發(fā)生周期長短受什么制約?等等,這些謎團(tuán)等待我們?nèi)ヒ灰唤忾_。

知識和技能 ⑴從圖片和簡易圖中,了解氣團(tuán)(冷氣團(tuán)、暖氣團(tuán))的概念;鋒的概念與分類;低壓(氣旋)、高壓(反氣旋)、高壓脊、低壓槽的概念。⑵從氣溫、氣壓、濕度、降水、風(fēng)等幾方面分析各種天氣系統(tǒng)的形成及其氣流特點(diǎn),并綜合出各種天氣系統(tǒng)控制下的天氣狀況過程與方法 ⑴讓學(xué)生能閱讀和簡單分析天氣圖,解釋天氣變化現(xiàn)象;⑵用案例說明氣象災(zāi)害發(fā)生的原因和危害;⑶結(jié)合我國常見的天氣系統(tǒng)說明其對人們生產(chǎn)和生活的影響情感、態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀激發(fā)學(xué)生探究天氣的形成和變化的興趣和動(dòng)機(jī),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生求真、求實(shí)的科學(xué)態(tài)度,提高地理審美情趣教學(xué)重點(diǎn)1.鋒面系統(tǒng)。(鋒面系統(tǒng):一是要區(qū)別冷暖鋒的成因,二是要掌握鋒面兩側(cè)的氣壓、溫度、濕度、風(fēng)和天氣差異)2.低壓、高壓系統(tǒng)。(要掌握其成因、氣壓特征、氣流特征及其天氣特點(diǎn)四個(gè)方面。)

師:很好。由于存在地球大氣圈、地球水圈和地表的礦物,在地球上這個(gè)合適的溫度條件下,形成了適合于生物生存的自然環(huán)境。人們通常所說的生物,是指有生命的物體,包括植物、動(dòng)物和微生物。據(jù)估計(jì),現(xiàn)有生存的植物約有40萬種,動(dòng)物約有110多萬種,微生物至少有10多萬種。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),在地質(zhì)歷史上曾生存過的生物約有5億~10億種之多,然而,在地球漫長的演化過程中,絕大部分都已經(jīng)滅絕了?,F(xiàn)存的生物生活在巖石圈的上層部分、大氣圈的下層部分和水圈的全部,構(gòu)成了地球上一個(gè)獨(dú)特的圈層,稱為生物圈。生物圈是太陽系所有行星中僅在地球上存在的一個(gè)獨(dú)特圈層。課堂小結(jié):地球所有的外部圈層是相互滲透、相互影響,甚至相互重疊的,在太陽和人類生活的參與下,整個(gè)地球生機(jī)盎然;同時(shí),它們起著保護(hù)地球的作用,可以減弱太陽和宇宙輻射對地表的影響,減少宇宙中的隕石對地球表面的撞擊。外部各圈中的物質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)和循環(huán),是促使地表物質(zhì)和形態(tài)演變的重要?jiǎng)恿Α?/p>

三維目標(biāo):知識和技能 1、了解地球自轉(zhuǎn)和公轉(zhuǎn)的方向及一些基本數(shù)據(jù):周期、速度、公轉(zhuǎn)軌道、黃赤交角。2、理解由于地球自轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)造成的晝夜交替、地方時(shí)差,掌握時(shí)間的有關(guān)換算,能正確判斷晨昏線。3、理解地球自轉(zhuǎn)和公轉(zhuǎn)的關(guān)系,理解太陽直射點(diǎn)的南北移動(dòng)的過程及其原因,并能演示其運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律。4、理 解晝夜長短和正午太陽高度的季節(jié)變壞緯度變化 。過程與方法 1、通過運(yùn)用地球儀演示地球的自傳和公轉(zhuǎn)現(xiàn)象,學(xué)生能夠準(zhǔn)確的畫出夏至日到冬至日太陽照射地球的示意圖2、能根據(jù)“二分二至日太陽照射地球示意圖”分析全球各 地的晝夜長短和正午太陽高度的變化,分析同緯度地區(qū)不同季節(jié)和不同緯度地區(qū)相同季節(jié)的晝夜長短和正午太陽高度的變化。

科學(xué)家預(yù)測,就地區(qū)而言,位于低緯度的大部分國家,農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量將減少;而位于高緯度的國家,農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量有可能增加。由于不少發(fā)展中國家位于低緯度地區(qū),因此,氣候變化的這種區(qū)域差異性,可能會(huì)使發(fā)展中國家所面臨的問題更為嚴(yán)峻。板書:3全球變暖將加劇水資源的不穩(wěn)定性與供需矛盾。介紹:全球變暖會(huì)影響整個(gè)水循環(huán)過程,可能使蒸發(fā)加大,改變區(qū)域降水量和降水分布格局,增加降水極端異常事件的發(fā)生,導(dǎo)致洪澇、干旱災(zāi)害的頻次和強(qiáng)度增加,以及地表徑流發(fā)生變化。隨著徑流減少,蒸發(fā)增強(qiáng),全球變暖將加劇水資源的不穩(wěn)定性與供需矛盾。轉(zhuǎn)折:既然全球變暖會(huì)引起很多不利影響,那么作為人類應(yīng)如何面對這一挑戰(zhàn)呢?這就是我們要討論的第三個(gè)問題。板書:三、氣候變化的適應(yīng)對策討論:請大家閱讀結(jié)合教材P53氣候變化的適應(yīng)對策部分討論人類應(yīng)如何面對全球變暖這一問題 呢?

【轉(zhuǎn)折過渡】除了以上所說的褶皺山和斷層山之 外,是否還有其他類型的山脈呢?試舉一例說明?!緦W(xué)生思考后回答】有,如富士山屬于火山?!窘處熆偨Y(jié)】同學(xué)們回答的很好,還有火山,那么火山是如何形成的呢?這就是我們要研究的下一個(gè)問題?!景鍟?、火山【指導(dǎo)讀書】請同學(xué)們閱讀教材P81思考:①玄武巖高原和火山有什么聯(lián)系與區(qū)別? ②火山由哪幾部分構(gòu)成的?③火山的規(guī)模是否相同?【學(xué)生回答】①聯(lián)系:玄武巖高原和火山都是由于處于地下深處的巖漿,在巨大的壓力作用下,有時(shí)候會(huì)沿著地殼的薄弱地帶噴出地表而形成的。區(qū)別:玄武巖高原是巖漿沿著地殼的線狀裂隙流出,往往比較寬廣。如哥倫比亞高原?;鹕绞菐r漿沿著地殼的中央噴出口或管道噴出。如我國長白山的主峰。②火山由火山口和火山錐兩部分組成。③火山的規(guī)模大小不一,大火山的相對高度可達(dá)4 000~5 000米,火山口直徑為數(shù)百米;小火山的相對高度不及100米。

當(dāng)時(shí),不只發(fā)生了太陽風(fēng)暴,同時(shí)還有其它的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生,導(dǎo)致災(zāi)難巨大。 如果,這些現(xiàn)象單獨(dú)地發(fā)生,結(jié)果就會(huì)是另外一個(gè)樣子。正是由于這些因素綜合起來,1859年的太陽風(fēng)暴,才在人類歷史上留下了濃墨重彩的一筆。太陽磁暴開始干擾通信日本衛(wèi)星首個(gè)被“擊中”日本航天機(jī)構(gòu)29日聲明,受強(qiáng)烈的太陽磁暴影響,28日晚,日本“兒玉(Kodama)”通訊衛(wèi)星信號中斷。 據(jù)美聯(lián)社報(bào)道,在太陽黑子活動(dòng)減弱后,“兒玉”通訊衛(wèi)星恢復(fù)正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。 美歐研究人員28日發(fā)布新聞公告稱,太陽當(dāng)天發(fā)生了一次強(qiáng)烈的耀斑爆發(fā),預(yù)示著新一輪太陽風(fēng)暴將在今后一兩天內(nèi)抵達(dá)地球,地球上的通信等設(shè)施可能會(huì)因此受到部分干擾。與這次耀斑爆發(fā)相伴,太陽表面還產(chǎn)生了一股強(qiáng)大的日冕物質(zhì)噴射,方向幾乎直沖地球。研究人員說,噴射產(chǎn)生的帶電粒子流正以約每小時(shí)750萬公里的速度奔地球而來,其與地球磁場作用后可能會(huì)形成比較強(qiáng)烈的地磁暴,使地球兩極出現(xiàn)極光,并可能對衛(wèi)星運(yùn)行和通信等造成干擾。

情感、態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀幫助學(xué)生確立事物普遍聯(lián)系的觀點(diǎn)。幫助學(xué)生樹立正確認(rèn)識利用自然規(guī)律,實(shí)現(xiàn)人類與環(huán)境的和諧發(fā)展的觀念 。教學(xué) 重點(diǎn)水循環(huán)的形成過程和地理意義。人類活動(dòng)對水循環(huán)的影響教學(xué) 難點(diǎn)水循環(huán)的地理意義。教具、資料多媒體課件課 時(shí)安排1課時(shí)教學(xué)過程:【新課導(dǎo)入】出示計(jì)算機(jī)圖片:地球衛(wèi)星圖片、太陽系九大行星圖片。請同學(xué)們看,這是人類的家園——地球,與太陽系其它大行星相比,它的最大特點(diǎn)是什么呢?(有豐富的水)是的,我們所居住的這顆行星,表面四分之三為水所覆蓋,是一顆“水的行星”。我們這一章要學(xué)習(xí)的就是地球上的水 ?!疽龑?dǎo)】水有哪些物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)?(固液氣三態(tài)變化、比熱、脹縮、溶劑等)那么,地球上的水都存在哪里呢?(海洋、河 流、湖泊、地下、冰川、沼澤、大氣、生物體等)【總結(jié)】水在地理環(huán)境中以氣態(tài)、固態(tài)和液態(tài)三種形式相互轉(zhuǎn)化,形成各種水體,共同構(gòu)成了一個(gè)連續(xù)但不規(guī)則的圈層。這實(shí)際上就是水圈。

1.改善城市環(huán)境:治理河流、控制大氣污染物、大力加強(qiáng)綠化建設(shè)為改善城市環(huán)境,上海市全面展開對大氣、河流、噪聲等多方面的治理工作。如蘇州河的治理、降低城市污染物濃度、加強(qiáng)綠化建設(shè),截止1990年,市區(qū)綠化覆蓋率達(dá)到20.3%。2.改善城市交通、改善居住條件擴(kuò)寬主干道,修建環(huán)城公路,修筑了南浦大橋和揚(yáng)浦大橋,新修城市高架公路和地鐵,改造住宅。3.控制城市規(guī)模建立衛(wèi)星城,開發(fā)新區(qū),有效地控制城市中心區(qū)的規(guī)模。思考:什么時(shí)候許多國家采取措施保護(hù)和改善城市環(huán)境?你認(rèn)為可以采取哪些措施來保護(hù)和改善城市環(huán)境?上海市保護(hù)和改善城市環(huán)境的措施:上海的衛(wèi)星城有哪些?上海新建了哪個(gè)新區(qū)?目前浦東新區(qū)在上海的地位如何?建立衛(wèi)星城和開發(fā)新區(qū)可以起到什么作用?上海市為改善交通條件,做了哪些工作?

過渡:在實(shí)際生活中,城市內(nèi)部空間結(jié)構(gòu)并非完全按照這一經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律呈現(xiàn),而是更具復(fù)雜性。這說明除了經(jīng)濟(jì)因素外,還有很多其他因素在起作用,請大家結(jié)合你的認(rèn)識、圖2.9和案例1:紐約市的少數(shù)民族區(qū)談?wù)勀愕目捶ā#?)其他因素I收入——形成不同級別住宅區(qū)的常見原因。有能力支付昂貴租金和選擇最佳居住環(huán)境的人,其居住地往往形成高級住宅區(qū)。II知名度——城市內(nèi)某些地區(qū)在歷史、文化或經(jīng)濟(jì)方面具有很高的聲譽(yù),這往往會(huì)吸引更多新的住宅或商場建在該處,以提高其知名度。III種族聚居區(qū)的形成——在有些城市的某一區(qū)域內(nèi),如果某個(gè)種族或宗教團(tuán)體占優(yōu)勢,就可能形成種族聚居區(qū)。如紐約市的唐人街、哈林區(qū)、小意大利區(qū)等。IV歷史因素——城市的建筑物和街道設(shè)計(jì)可以維持久遠(yuǎn),早期的土地利用方式對日后的功能分區(qū)有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
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